Clause

Clause āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ’ āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ’ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ‘āĻ–āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯’ āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĨ¤ Clause is a part of a sentence having a subject and a finite verb. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ Clause-āĻ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤ Clause āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ) āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ) āĨ¤

In simple words: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (finite verb). It can function as a complete sentence or it can be a part of a larger sentence. Where a clause works as a complete sentence, it is called an ‘independent clause’ or a ‘main clause’ or a ‘principal clause’. On the contrary, where a clause works as a part of a larger sentence, it may be work as an ‘independent clause’ or a ‘dependent clause’.

Difference between Clause and Phrase :

Clause āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹, Clause-āĻ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž Phrase-āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡, Verb Phrase-āĻ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ –

  • Clause: He ate an apple → āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ Subject āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ “He” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Finite Verb āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ “ate”āĨ¤
  • Phrase: In the garden → āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Finite Verb āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤

I know āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ–ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹:

  • Clause: I know what you did in the exam hall
    • “what you did in the exam hall”
    • → āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ Subject āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ “you” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Finite Verb āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ “did”āĨ¤
    • āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Clause
  • Phrase: I know all your activities in the exam hall 
    • “all your activities in the exam hall”
    • → āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Finite Verb āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤
    • āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Phrase

Main Differences Between Clauses and Phrases :

Clause Phrase
Finite verb āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Subject āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ Finite verb āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Verb Phrase-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Differences Between Clauses and Phrases with Examples:

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Clause āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Phrase āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡:

I read ___________________.

She described ___________.

The teacher taught _______.

He explained ____________.

He apologized ___________.

He asked ________________.

 

āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Clause āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Phrase āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹āĨ¤

Common Part Clause Phrase
I read (what you wrote at the event). (about your experience at the event).
She described (how the scenery looked). (the scenery in detail).
The teacher taught (how I can write simple codes in Python). (about the basics of programming).
He explained (why the project failed). (the steps of the project).
He apologized (that he had been rude last night). (for his rude behavior last night).
He asked (if he could leave early). (for permission to leave early).

Classification of Clause

In general, there are three types of clauses:

  1. Principal Clause (Main/Independent clause) (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨)
  2. Sub-ordinate Clause (Dependent/Sub clause) (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛)
  3. Co-ordinate Clause (āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• Independent Clause āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡)

1) Principal Clause:

āĻ¯ā§‡ Clause āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ Clause āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ Principal Clause āĻŦāĻž Main Clause āĻŦāĻž Independent Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĨ¤

 

In simple words, an independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

 

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ independent clause āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤

2) Sub-ordinate Clause

āĻ¯ā§‡ Clause āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ Sub-ordinate Clause āĻŦāĻž Dependent Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĨ¤

 

In simple words, a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence as it cannot express a complete thought. And it relies on an independent clause to give it meaning.

 

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ dependent clause āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ independent clause-āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

 

Note: W.H words (what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how), before, after, as if, as though, since, that, so that, hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner, if, unless, until, till, though, although, as —– as, so —– as etc. āĻāĻ°āĻž Subordinate Clause- āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻāĻ°āĻž Subordinating Conjunction āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ clause– āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ Conjunction āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ clause- āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Subordinate clause āĨ¤

Examples of Principal Clause & Sub-ordinate Clause

Principal Clause Sub-ordinate Clause
Dhaka is a city where many people live.
You know the little girl who is bright and studious.
Sub-ordinate Clause Principal Clause
If you take poison, you will die.
When I saw him, he was sleeping.
Though he is poor, he is honest.

Main difference between Independent Clause & Dependent Clause

  • Independent Clause: āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
  • Dependent Clause: āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Independent Clause-āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤

3) Co-ordinate Clause

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŸā§‹ Principal Clause āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Co-ordinate Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ Co-ordinate Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĨ¤

 

In simple words, when two independent clauses are joined or connected using a coordinating conjunction to show a relationship between them, they are called coordinate clauses. Usually, both the clauses in a coordinate structure carry equal importance as independent clauses, and both clauses can stand alone as independent sentences but are connected to show relationships such as addition, contrast, choice, cause, and effect.

 

āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ –

 

Saima drank milk but Mohima drank water.

You should study hard or you will fail.

 

Note: And, and so, so, or, but, yet, otherwise, both…and, not onlyâ€Ļbut also, either…or, neither…nor āĻāĻ°āĻž Co-ordinate Clause– āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻāĻ°āĻž Co-ordinate Conjunction āĨ¤

Check Your Understanding: Clause

Identify the sub-ordinate clause:

He explained why the project failed.


What type of clause is this?

You will succeed.


Which sentence contains a coordinate clause?


What is the subordinate clause in this sentence?

Dhaka is a city where many people live.


Which of the following is an independent clause?

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