Clause
Clause āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļ’ āĻŦāĻž âāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļâ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ‘āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯’ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļ āĨ¤ Clause is a part of a sentence having a subject and a finite verb. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§ Clause-āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĨ¤ Clause āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļ) āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļ) āĨ¤
In simple words: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (finite verb). It can function as a complete sentence or it can be a part of a larger sentence. Where a clause works as a complete sentence, it is called an âindependent clauseâ or a âmain clauseâ or a âprincipal clauseâ. On the contrary, where a clause works as a part of a larger sentence, it may be work as an âindependent clauseâ or a âdependent clauseâ.
Difference between Clause and Phrase :
Clause āĻāĻŦāĻ Phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§, Clause-āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻž Phrase-āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§, Verb Phrase-āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ –
- Clause: He ate an apple â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Subject āĻšāĻ˛ā§ “He” āĻāĻŦāĻ Finite Verb āĻšāĻ˛ā§ “ate”āĨ¤
- Phrase: In the garden â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ Finite Verb āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
I know āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§:
- Clause: I know what you did in the exam hall
- “what you did in the exam hall”
- â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Subject āĻšāĻ˛ā§ “you” āĻāĻŦāĻ Finite Verb āĻšāĻ˛ā§ “did”āĨ¤
- āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋÂ Clause
- Phrase: I know all your activities in the exam hallÂ
- “all your activities in the exam hall”
- â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ Subject āĻāĻŦāĻ Finite Verb āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
- āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋÂ Phrase
Main Differences Between Clauses and Phrases :
Clause | Phrase |
---|---|
Finite verb āĻāĻŦāĻ Subject āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ | Finite verb āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Verb Phrase-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ |
āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ | āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ |
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ | āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ |
Differences Between Clauses and Phrases with Examples:
āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Clause āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Phrase āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§:
I read ___________________.
She described ___________.
The teacher taught _______.
He explained ____________.
He apologized ___________.
He asked ________________.
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āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Clause āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Phrase āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤
Common Part | Clause | Phrase |
---|---|---|
I read | (what you wrote at the event). | (about your experience at the event). |
She described | (how the scenery looked). | (the scenery in detail). |
The teacher taught | (how I can write simple codes in Python). | (about the basics of programming). |
He explained | (why the project failed). | (the steps of the project). |
He apologized | (that he had been rude last night). | (for his rude behavior last night). |
He asked | (if he could leave early). | (for permission to leave early). |
Classification of Clause
In general, there are three types of clauses:
- Principal Clause (Main/Independent clause) (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨)
- Sub-ordinate Clause (Dependent/Sub clause) (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛)
- Co-ordinate Clause (āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ Independent Clause āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§)
1) Principal Clause:
āĻ¯ā§ Clause āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ Clause āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ Principal Clause āĻŦāĻž Main Clause āĻŦāĻž Independent Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĨ¤
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In simple words, an independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
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āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ independent clause āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤
2) Sub-ordinate Clause
āĻ¯ā§ Clause āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ Sub-ordinate Clause āĻŦāĻž Dependent Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĨ¤
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In simple words, a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence as it cannot express a complete thought. And it relies on an independent clause to give it meaning.
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āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ dependent clause āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ independent clause-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
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Note: W.H words (what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how), before, after, as if, as though, since, that, so that, hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner, if, unless, until, till, though, although, as —– as, so —– as etc. āĻāĻ°āĻž Subordinate Clause- āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž Subordinating Conjunction āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ clause– āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ Conjunction āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ clause- āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Subordinate clause āĨ¤
Examples of Principal Clause & Sub-ordinate Clause
Principal Clause | Sub-ordinate Clause |
---|---|
Dhaka is a city | where many people live. |
You know the little girl | who is bright and studious. |
Sub-ordinate Clause | Principal Clause |
---|---|
If you take poison, | you will die. |
When I saw him, | he was sleeping. |
Though he is poor, | he is honest. |
Main difference between Independent Clause & Dependent Clause
- Independent Clause: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
- Dependent Clause: āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ Independent Clause-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤
3) Co-ordinate Clause
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§ Principal Clause āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Co-ordinate Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ Co-ordinate Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĨ¤
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In simple words, when two independent clauses are joined or connected using a coordinating conjunction to show a relationship between them, they are called coordinate clauses. Usually, both the clauses in a coordinate structure carry equal importance as independent clauses, and both clauses can stand alone as independent sentences but are connected to show relationships such as addition, contrast, choice, cause, and effect.
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āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â
Â
Saima drank milk but Mohima drank water.
You should study hard or you will fail.
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Note: And, and so, so, or, but, yet, otherwise, both…and, not onlyâĻbut also, either…or, neither…nor āĻāĻ°āĻž Co-ordinate Clause– āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž Co-ordinate Conjunction āĨ¤
Check Your Understanding: Clause
Identify the sub-ordinate clause:
He explained why the project failed.
What type of clause is this?
You will succeed.
Which sentence contains a coordinate clause?
What is the subordinate clause in this sentence?
Dhaka is a city where many people live.
Which of the following is an independent clause?