Conjunction - সংযোজক বা সংযোজক অব্যয়
যে সকল শব্দ একটি Word / Phrase / Clause / Sentence-এর সাথে আরেকটি Word / Phrase / Clause / Sentence-কে যুক্ত করে, তাদেরকে Conjunction বলে। তাই এদেরকে ‘সংযোজক’ বা ‘Connectors’-ও বলা হয়
In English grammar, a conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. It acts like glue, joining different parts of a sentence to create meaning.
Let’s go through some examples of conjunctions across different scenarios:
Conjunctions Connect 'Words'
Example – Connecting ‘Words’:
- I like tea and coffee.
- Bengali: আমি চা এবং কফি পছন্দ করি।
- Explanation: Here, “and” connects two nouns: “tea” and “coffee“. This illustrates that conjunctions can link words together.
- She is smart but lazy.
- Bengali: সে স্মার্ট কিন্তু অলস।
- Explanation: Here, “but” connects two adjectives: “smart” and “lazy“. This illustrates that conjunctions can link words together.
Conjunctions Connect 'Phrases'
Example – Connecting ‘Phrases’:
- A cat and a dog do not play together.
- Bengali: একটি বিড়াল এবং একটি কুকুর একসাথে খেলে না।
- Explanation: Here, “and” connects two noun phrases: “a cat” and “a dog” This shows that conjunctions can connect phrases as well.
- Connecting two noun phrases
- She likes to read novels but prefers to watch movies.
- Bengali: সে উপন্যাস পড়তে পছন্দ করে কিন্তু সিনেমা দেখতে বেশি পছন্দ করে।
- Explanation: In this case, “but” connects the phrases “to read novels” (উপন্যাস পড়তে) and “to watch movies” (সিনেমা দেখতে), highlighting a contrast between two activities.
- Connecting two verb phrases
Conjunctions Connect 'Clauses'
Example – Connecting Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions:
- He played well, so he won the game.
- Bengali: সে ভালো খেলেছে, তাই সে খেলাটি জিতেছে।
- Explanation: “So” connects two independent clauses: “He played well” and “he won the game.”
- This demonstrates that conjunctions can link clauses.
- He studied hard, but he still failed the exam.
- Bengali: সে কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করেছিল, কিন্তু তবুও সে পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেছিল।
- Explanation: Here, “but” connects two independent clauses: “He studied hard” (সে কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করেছিল) and “he still failed the exam” (তবুও সে পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেছিল).
- This illustrates the contrast between his effort and the outcome.
Example – Dependent Clauses with Subordinating Conjunctions:
- She went to bed because she was tired.
- Bengali: সে ঘুমাতে গেল কারণ সে ক্লান্ত ছিল।
- Explanation: “Because” connects an independent clause (“She went to bed”) with a dependent clause (“she was tired”).
- This illustrates how conjunctions can create complex sentences by linking clauses.
- If you study hard, you will pass the test.
- Bengali:যদি তুমি কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করো, তবে তুমি পরীক্ষায় পাস করবে।
- Explanation: Here, “if” introduces a dependent clause: “If you study hard” (যদি তুমি কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করো) and connects it to the independent clause “you will pass the test” (তুমি পরীক্ষায় পাস করবে).
- This illustrates the condition for passing the test. One clause contains the condition; the other has likely possibilities if the condition is met.
Example – Correlative Clause with Correlative Conjunctions:
- Either you can come with us, or you can stay home.
- Bengali: তুমি আমাদের সাথে আসতে পারো অথবা বাড়িতে থাকতে পারো।
- Choice 1: You can come with us.
- Choice: 2: You can stay home.
- Explanation: “Either…or” connects two choices, showing how correlative conjunctions work in pairs to link options.
- Not only is she intelligent, but also she is kind.
- Bengali: সে শুধু বুদ্ধিমতী নয়, বরং সে দয়ালুও বটে।
- Fact 1: She is intelligent.
- Fact 2: She is kind.
- Explanation: “Not only…but also” connects two qualities, showing how correlative conjunctions work in pairs to emphasize multiple attributes or features.
Conjunctions Connect 'Sentences'
Example – Joined with a comma and the coordinating conjunction:
- Sentence 1: The sky is blue.
- Sentence 2: The grass is green.
- Combined Sentence: The sky is blue, and the grass is green.
- Bengali: আকাশ নীল এবং ঘাস সবুজ।
Example – Joined with a sub-ordinating conjunction:
- Sentence 1: It is raining.
- Sentence 2: We should stay home.
- Combined Sentence: Because it is raining, we should stay home. / We should stay home because it is raining.
- Bengali: যেহেতু বৃষ্টি হচ্ছে, আমাদের বাড়িতে থাকা উচিত।
As you can see, in each example, a conjunction is used to join the two sentences together, creating a more cohesive and grammatically correct expression.